Judge Antoni Filcek was born on 12 September 1929 in Świerczynki near Toruń. He graduated from the Faculty of Law of Mikołaj Kopernik University [UMK] in Toruń in 1951. In December 1954 he started work in common courts within the district of the Voivodship Court in Białystok, where he served as judge assistant, county court judge, vice-president and acting president of the county court in Białystok, and voivodship court judge. In 1959-1972 he was an inspection judge for civil matters. From 1972 a judge of the Supreme Court at the Labour and Social Insurance Chamber, where he headed a department in 1975-1989. From October 1981 to December 1983 he was president of the Civil and Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court.

Antoni Filcek was a Judge of the Constitutional Tribunal from 1989 to 1992.